RNAi

Gene Info

  • Species:Fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
  • GeneID:2768981
  • Symbol:Trl
  • Description:Trithorax-like
DataSource: http://genomernai.dkfz.de/v16/genedetails/2768981

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Stable_ID Entrez_ID Gene_ID Gene_Symbol Reagent_ID Score Phenotype Conditions Follow_Up Comment Screen_Title Publication_Title Authors Publication_Year Pubmed_ID Biosource Biomodel Assay Method Library Scope Reagent_Type Score_Type Cutoff Notes
GR00002-A 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl DRSC09325 2.193685905 none no Lipid storage COPI complex is a regulator of lipid homeostasis. Beller et al. 2008 19067489 Cell line Kc167 Nuclear to lipid droplet cross-sectional area Fluorescence np Genome-wide dsRNA B-score > 2 OR < -1.7 Additional information about a secondary screen with non-overlaping dsRNAs
GR00002-A 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl DRSC09325 -0.900745816 none no Lipid storage COPI complex is a regulator of lipid homeostasis. Beller et al. 2008 19067489 Cell line Kc167 Nuclear to lipid droplet cross-sectional area Fluorescence np Genome-wide dsRNA B-score > 2 OR < -1.7 Additional information about a secondary screen with non-overlaping dsRNAs
GR00002-A 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl DRSC10014 0.970253783 none no Lipid storage COPI complex is a regulator of lipid homeostasis. Beller et al. 2008 19067489 Cell line Kc167 Nuclear to lipid droplet cross-sectional area Fluorescence np Genome-wide dsRNA B-score > 2 OR < -1.7 Additional information about a secondary screen with non-overlaping dsRNAs
GR00002-A 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl DRSC10014 -0.264339152 none no Lipid storage COPI complex is a regulator of lipid homeostasis. Beller et al. 2008 19067489 Cell line Kc167 Nuclear to lipid droplet cross-sectional area Fluorescence np Genome-wide dsRNA B-score > 2 OR < -1.7 Additional information about a secondary screen with non-overlaping dsRNAs
GR00002-A 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl DRSC11308 -2.346906049 none no Lipid storage COPI complex is a regulator of lipid homeostasis. Beller et al. 2008 19067489 Cell line Kc167 Nuclear to lipid droplet cross-sectional area Fluorescence np Genome-wide dsRNA B-score > 2 OR < -1.7 Additional information about a secondary screen with non-overlaping dsRNAs
GR00002-A 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl DRSC11308 -0.605685795 none no Lipid storage COPI complex is a regulator of lipid homeostasis. Beller et al. 2008 19067489 Cell line Kc167 Nuclear to lipid droplet cross-sectional area Fluorescence np Genome-wide dsRNA B-score > 2 OR < -1.7 Additional information about a secondary screen with non-overlaping dsRNAs
GR00002-A 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl DRSC11308 -1.442021874 none no Lipid storage COPI complex is a regulator of lipid homeostasis. Beller et al. 2008 19067489 Cell line Kc167 Nuclear to lipid droplet cross-sectional area Fluorescence np Genome-wide dsRNA B-score > 2 OR < -1.7 Additional information about a secondary screen with non-overlaping dsRNAs
GR00014-A 2768981 CG33260, Trl DRSC10014 strong Decreased Flag-Mad nuclear accumulation no Dpp pathway regulation Msk is required for nuclear import of TGF-{beta}/BMP-activated Smads. Xu et al. 2007 17785517 Cell line S2R+ Flag-Mad protein expression and subcellular location Fluorescence rp Genome-wide dsRNA Visual inspection np
GR00031-A-1 2768981 Trl HFA11308 5.9 Decreased cell number and viability yes Cell growth and viability (1) Genome-wide RNAi analysis of growth and viability in Drosophila cells. Boutros et al. 2004 14764878 Cell line Kc167 Cell number and viability Luminescence Custom-made (HFA) Genome-wide dsRNA Z-score >
GR00031-A-1 2768981 HFA10014 0.6 none yes Cell growth and viability (1) Genome-wide RNAi analysis of growth and viability in Drosophila cells. Boutros et al. 2004 14764878 Cell line Kc167 Cell number and viability Luminescence Custom-made (HFA) Genome-wide dsRNA Z-score >
GR00031-A-1 2768981 HFA09325 0.5 none yes Cell growth and viability (1) Genome-wide RNAi analysis of growth and viability in Drosophila cells. Boutros et al. 2004 14764878 Cell line Kc167 Cell number and viability Luminescence Custom-made (HFA) Genome-wide dsRNA Z-score >
GR00031-A-2 2768981 HFA09325 0.4 none no Cell growth and viability (2) Genome-wide RNAi analysis of growth and viability in Drosophila cells. Boutros et al. 2004 14764878 Cell line S2R+ Cell number and viability Luminescence Custom-made (HFA) Genome-wide dsRNA Z-score >
GR00031-A-2 2768981 Trl HFA11308 4.6 Decreased cell number and viability no Cell growth and viability (2) Genome-wide RNAi analysis of growth and viability in Drosophila cells. Boutros et al. 2004 14764878 Cell line S2R+ Cell number and viability Luminescence Custom-made (HFA) Genome-wide dsRNA Z-score >
GR00031-A-2 2768981 HFA10014 0.5 none no Cell growth and viability (2) Genome-wide RNAi analysis of growth and viability in Drosophila cells. Boutros et al. 2004 14764878 Cell line S2R+ Cell number and viability Luminescence Custom-made (HFA) Genome-wide dsRNA Z-score >
GR00040-A-0 2768981 HDC10163 DRSC11308 5.5 Increased Wnt reporter activity no Wnt signaling Functional genomic analysis of the Wnt-wingless signaling pathway. DasGupta et al. 2005 15817814 Cell line Clone 8 Wnt signaling Dual luciferase DRSC dsRNA Z-score >
GR00047-A-1 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl DRSC11308 sp Decreased horseradish peroxidase protein expression no Constitutive protein secretion and Golgi organization (1) Functional genomics reveals genes involved in protein secretion and Golgi organization. Bard et al. 2006 16452979 Cell line S2 Horseradish peroxidase protein expression Luminescence Genome-wide dsRNA Z-score < -1.5
2768981 CG9343 LD41963 sp none no library: DGC1
GR00065-A 2768981 CG9343 Trl Trl np none no Dendrite pattern formation Genome-wide analyses identify transcription factors required for proper morphogenesis of Drosophila sensory neuron dendrites. Parrish et al. 2006 16547170 Tissue GAL4221 mCD8 protein expression Fluorescence Custom-made Transcription factors UAS-IR construct np Phenotypes in multiple blind tests Additional information about secondary screens
GR00065-A 2768981 CG33261 Trl Trl np none no Dendrite pattern formation Genome-wide analyses identify transcription factors required for proper morphogenesis of Drosophila sensory neuron dendrites. Parrish et al. 2006 16547170 Tissue GAL4221 mCD8 protein expression Fluorescence Custom-made Transcription factors UAS-IR construct np Phenotypes in multiple blind tests Additional information about secondary screens
GR00134-A-1 2768981 CG33261 Trl 41095 np Lethal yes late larval Muscle morphogenesis and function (1) Systematic genetic analysis of muscle morphogenesis and function in Drosophila. Schnorrer et al. 2010 20220848 Tissue Mef2-GAL4 Posture, locomotion, flight and viability Visual inspection np Genome-wide UAS-IR construct rp S19 > 0.5
GR00134-A-1 2768981 CG33260 CG33260 17198 np Lethal yes adult/pharate Muscle morphogenesis and function (1) Systematic genetic analysis of muscle morphogenesis and function in Drosophila. Schnorrer et al. 2010 20220848 Tissue Mef2-GAL4 Posture, locomotion, flight and viability Visual inspection np Genome-wide UAS-IR construct rp S19 > 0.5
GR00134-A-2 2768981 CG33261 Trl np np Wing posture / locomotion / ability to fly defect or lethal / semi-lethal yes Muscle morphogenesis and function (2) Systematic genetic analysis of muscle morphogenesis and function in Drosophila. Schnorrer et al. 2010 20220848 Tissue Mef2-GAL4 Posture, locomotion, flight and viability Visual inspection Custom-made Selected genes UAS-IR construct rp S19 > 0.5
GR00134-A-3 2768981 CG33261 Trl 41095 np none no Muscle morphogenesis and function (3) Systematic genetic analysis of muscle morphogenesis and function in Drosophila. Schnorrer et al. 2010 20220848 Tissue Mef2-GAL4 ZCL0663 protein expression Fluorescence np Selected genes UAS-IR construct np np
GR00135-A-1 2768981 CG13470 CG33260 17198 -1.17 none yes Heat nociception (1) A genome-wide Drosophila screen for heat nociception identifies α2δ3 as an evolutionarily conserved pain gene. Neely et al. 2010 21074052 Organism elav-GAL4 Noxious heat avoidance and viability Fly count np Genome-wide UAS-IR construct Z-score > 1.65 Additional information about secondary screens (geotactic, phototaxis, and temperature sensitivity)
GR00135-A-1 2768981 CG9343 Trl 41095 2.06 Increased noxious heat avoidance yes Heat nociception (1) A genome-wide Drosophila screen for heat nociception identifies α2δ3 as an evolutionarily conserved pain gene. Neely et al. 2010 21074052 Organism elav-GAL4 Noxious heat avoidance and viability Fly count np Genome-wide UAS-IR construct Z-score > 1.65 Additional information about secondary screens (geotactic, phototaxis, and temperature sensitivity)
GR00135-A-1 2768981 CG13470 Trl 17198 -1.17 none yes Heat nociception (1) A genome-wide Drosophila screen for heat nociception identifies α2δ3 as an evolutionarily conserved pain gene. Neely et al. 2010 21074052 Organism elav-GAL4 Noxious heat avoidance and viability Fly count np Genome-wide UAS-IR construct Z-score > 1.65 Additional information about secondary screens (geotactic, phototaxis, and temperature sensitivity)
GR00138-A-1 2768981 CG33261 17198 1 none yes Heart development and function (1) A global in vivo Drosophila RNAi screen identifies NOT3 as a conserved regulator of heart function. Neely et al. 2010 20371351 Tissue TinCΔ4 12a-Gal4 Viability Fly count np Selected genes UAS-IR construct Developmental lethality <
GR00138-A-2 2768981 CG33261 17198 3.46 Decreased viability yes Heart development and function (2) A global in vivo Drosophila RNAi screen identifies NOT3 as a conserved regulator of heart function. Neely et al. 2010 20371351 Tissue TinCΔ4 12a-Gal4 Viability Fly count np Selected genes UAS-IR construct Z-score > 3
GR00144-A-4 2768981 CG33261 41095 7 Bristle morphology defects no not lethal Notch pathway regulation (4) Genome-wide analysis of Notch signalling in Drosophila by transgenic RNAi. Mummery-Widmer et al. 2009 19363474 Tissue pnr-GAL4 External sensory organ morphology and viability Visual inspection np Genome-wide UAS-IR construct Phenotype strength np
GR00144-A-4 2768981 CG33260, CG33261 17198 sp Colour defects, notum malformation death no partially lethal Notch pathway regulation (4) Genome-wide analysis of Notch signalling in Drosophila by transgenic RNAi. Mummery-Widmer et al. 2009 19363474 Tissue pnr-GAL4 External sensory organ morphology and viability Visual inspection np Genome-wide UAS-IR construct Phenotype strength np
GR00157-A 2768981 Trl DRSC31683 0.09 none no Wg pathway regulation A case study of the reproducibility of transcriptional reporter cell-based RNAi screens in Drosophila. DasGupta et al. 2007 17903264 Cell line rp rp Luminescence DRSC-v Selected genes dsRNA log ratio > 30 % difference from control
GR00157-A 2768981 Trl DRSC31684 -0.12 Downregulation of Wg pathway no Wg pathway regulation A case study of the reproducibility of transcriptional reporter cell-based RNAi screens in Drosophila. DasGupta et al. 2007 17903264 Cell line rp rp Luminescence DRSC-v Selected genes dsRNA log ratio > 30 % difference from control
GR00159-A 2768981 Trl DRSC11308 np none no Muscle assembly and maintenance RNA interference screening in Drosophila primary cells for genes involved in muscle assembly and maintenance. Bai et al. 2008 18359903 Primary cells primary embryonic cells Muscle cell morphology Fluorescence np Selected and random genes dsRNA Percentage of muscles with a given phenotype Severe: > 80 %; medium: ~ 50 %
GR00170-A-1 2768981 translucent DRSC11308 -3 none no decreased cell viability or Sanger collection sequence HIF-dependent transcription (1) Drosophila genome-wide RNAi screen identifies multiple regulators of HIF-dependent transcription in hypoxia. Dekanty et al. 2010 20585616 Cell line S2 Hypoxia inducible HRE reporter Luminescence DRSC 1.0 library Genome-wide dsRNA Z-score <
GR00185-A 2768981 CG33261 GAF np 58 Decreased Hsp70 mRNA expression no 20 min heat shock Pol II elongation Spt6 enhances the elongation rate of RNA polymerase II in vivo. Ardehali et al. 2009 19279664 Cell line S2 Hsp70 mRNA expression Real-time qPCR Custom-made Transcription factors dsRNA Percentage <
GR00189-A-1 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl BKN32776 np Upregulation of Notch pathway yes Notch pathway regulation (1) A combined ex vivo and in vivo RNAi screen for notch regulators in Drosophila reveals an extensive notch interaction network. Saj et al. 2010 20493818 Cell line S2 Notch pathway reporter Luminescence BKN Genome-wide dsRNA Complex, sp Complex criteria
GR00189-A-2 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl 17198 sp Upregulation of Notch pathway; delay of larval development; wing disc size: overgrown; wing disc NRE:EGFP: up, ectopic; wing disc myrRFP: accumulation, reduced; lethal yes en-GAL4 Notch pathway regulation (2) A combined ex vivo and in vivo RNAi screen for notch regulators in Drosophila reveals an extensive notch interaction network. Saj et al. 2010 20493818 Tissue en-GAL4, C96-GAL4 and vg-GAL4 Notch pathway reporter, wing imaginal discs morphology, adult wing morphology and viability Fluorescence and visual inspection Notch pathway component enriched RNAi library Selected genes UAS-IR construct Phenotype strength np
GR00189-A-3 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl np np none no Notch pathway regulation (3) A combined ex vivo and in vivo RNAi screen for notch regulators in Drosophila reveals an extensive notch interaction network. Saj et al. 2010 20493818 Tissue GMR-GAL4 Notch pathway reporter Fluorescence Notch pathway component enriched RNAi library Selected genes UAS-IR construct Average fluorescent intensity Complex criteria
GR00191-A-1 2768981 CG33261 Trl np np Increased melanotic mass formation yes Blood cell homeostasis regulation (1) An in vivo RNA interference screen identifies gene networks controlling Drosophila melanogaster blood cell homeostasis. Avet-Rochex et al. 2010 20540764 Tissue srp-GAL4 Melanotic mass formation Microscopy np Selected genes UAS-IR construct np np
GR00191-A-2 2768981 CG33261 Trl np np none yes Blood cell homeostasis regulation (2) An in vivo RNA interference screen identifies gene networks controlling Drosophila melanogaster blood cell homeostasis. Avet-Rochex et al. 2010 20540764 Tissue hml∆-GAL4 Melanotic mass formation Microscopy np Selected genes UAS-IR construct np np
GR00191-A-3 2768981 CG33261 Trl np 0 none yes Blood cell homeostasis regulation (3) An in vivo RNA interference screen identifies gene networks controlling Drosophila melanogaster blood cell homeostasis. Avet-Rochex et al. 2010 20540764 Tissue srp-GAL4 Melanotic mass formation Microscopy np Selected genes UAS-IR construct Tumor index >
GR00191-A-4 2768981 CG33261 Trl np 0 none yes Blood cell homeostasis regulation (4) An in vivo RNA interference screen identifies gene networks controlling Drosophila melanogaster blood cell homeostasis. Avet-Rochex et al. 2010 20540764 Tissue hml∆-GAL4 Melanotic mass formation Microscopy np Selected genes UAS-IR construct Tumor index >
GR00191-A-5 2768981 CG33261 Trl np 0 none no Blood cell homeostasis regulation (5) An in vivo RNA interference screen identifies gene networks controlling Drosophila melanogaster blood cell homeostasis. Avet-Rochex et al. 2010 20540764 Tissue cg-GAL4 Melanotic mass formation Microscopy np Selected genes UAS-IR construct Tumor index >
GR00218-S 2768981 CG9343 Trl AMB22344 0.57 none no Hippo pathway regulation Salt-inducible kinases regulate growth through the Hippo signalling pathway in Drosophila Wehr et al. 2013 23263283 Cell line S2R+ Hippo pathway reporter Luminescence np Genome-wide dsRNA Z-score > 3 OR < -3 Author-submitted data. Primary screen
GR00239-A-1 2768981 CG9343 9343R sp none no Glycosylation regulation (1) Identification of genes required for neural-specific glycosylation using functional genomics. Yamamoto-Hino et al. 2010 21203496 Tissue GMR-GAL4 Chaoptin (Chp) protein expression, alpha1,3-fucose, alpha1,6-fucose, (GlcNAc)n, GlcNAcb1-4GlcNAc and mannose Chp glycosylation and viability Luminescence np Selected genes UAS-IR construct Z-score > 3
GR00282-A 2768981 CG33261 Trl 17198 np none piRNA pathway regulation The Genetic Makeup of the Drosophila piRNA Pathway Handler 2013 23665231 Tissue tj-GAL4 Gypsy transposon expression Microscopy VDRC Selected genes UAS-IR construct Visual inspection np See comment for ovarian morphology data. Gene expression data shown in the comment derive from an ovarian stem cell line. VDRC library: KK and GD used, see phenotype data
GR00282-A 2768981 CG33261 Trl 41095 np none piRNA pathway regulation The Genetic Makeup of the Drosophila piRNA Pathway Handler 2013 23665231 Tissue tj-GAL4 Gypsy transposon expression Microscopy VDRC Selected genes UAS-IR construct Visual inspection np See comment for ovarian morphology data. Gene expression data shown in the comment derive from an ovarian stem cell line. VDRC library: KK and GD used, see phenotype data
GR00284-A 2768981 CG33261 Trl 106433 0.1666402393563193 none piRNA pathway regulation A Transcriptome-wide RNAi Screen in the Drosophila Ovary Reveals Factors of the Germline piRNA Pathway Czech et al. 2013 23665227 Tissue nos-GAL4 Transposon expression qPCR VDRC Selected genes UAS-IR construct Z-score Weak < -1.5; strong: < -2 KK and GD libraries used (see phenotype data)
GR00291-A 2768981 Trl DRSC11308 sp Increased or decreased hedgehog (hh) secretion eliminated as hit by authors, sp Hedgehog (hh) secretion regulation A Genome-Wide RNAi Screen Identifies Regulators of Cholesterol-Modified Hedgehog Secretion in Drosophila Aikin et al. 2012 22432040 Cell line S2 Hedgehog protein expression Luminescence DRSC Genome-wide dsRNA Z-score < -2 OR > 2 by at least 1/3 Z-scores 296 hits were eliminated by the authors for several criteria, sp. Reagents targeting unknown genes (HDCs) are not displayed. Additional secondary screen available.
GR00311-A 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl DRSC09325 np none Actin and microtubule morphology Comparative RNAi screening identifies a conserved core metazoan actinome by phenotype Rohn et al. 2011 21893601 Cell line S2R+ Alpha-tubulin and F-actin protein expression Fluorescence DRSC Genome-wide dsRNA Visual inspection np Exact phenotypes are shown in the comment section. Several genes were indicated as hits but no phenotype was provided. The screen data plus images is available at http://jcb-dataviewer.rupress.org/jcb/browse/4609/S2.
GR00311-A 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl DRSC11308 np none Actin and microtubule morphology Comparative RNAi screening identifies a conserved core metazoan actinome by phenotype Rohn et al. 2011 21893601 Cell line S2R+ Alpha-tubulin and F-actin protein expression Fluorescence DRSC Genome-wide dsRNA Visual inspection np Exact phenotypes are shown in the comment section. Several genes were indicated as hits but no phenotype was provided. The screen data plus images is available at http://jcb-dataviewer.rupress.org/jcb/browse/4609/S2.
GR00311-A 2768981 FBgn0013263 Trl DRSC10014 np none Actin and microtubule morphology Comparative RNAi screening identifies a conserved core metazoan actinome by phenotype Rohn et al. 2011 21893601 Cell line S2R+ Alpha-tubulin and F-actin protein expression Fluorescence DRSC Genome-wide dsRNA Visual inspection np Exact phenotypes are shown in the comment section. Several genes were indicated as hits but no phenotype was provided. The screen data plus images is available at http://jcb-dataviewer.rupress.org/jcb/browse/4609/S2.
GR00315-A-1 2768981 CG33261 Trl 106433 np none Follicular epithelium development (1) A genome-scale in vivo RNAi analysis of epithelial development in Drosophila identifies new proliferation domains outside of the stem cell niche Berns et al. 2014 24762813 Tissue Escargot-GAL4 and GR1-GAL4, GR1-GAL4, traffic jam-GAL4 Follicular epithelium morphology Fluorescence VDRC KK Random genes UAS-IR construct Visual inspection np Further classification screen available, see follicular epithelium development (2).
GR00335-A 2768981 FBgn0013263, FBgn0260233 Trl, CG42507 GL00699 np none Germline stem cell (GSC) regulation A Regulatory Network of Drosophila Germline Stem Cell Self-Renewal Yan et al. 2014 24576427 Tissue MTD-GAL4 or UAS-dcr2; nanos-GAL4 Spectrin and vasa protein expression Fluorescence TRiP Selected genes UAS-IR construct Visual inspection np More detailed phenotypes for some genes are shown in the comment. Various VALIUM vectors were used.
GR00367-S 2768981 CG33261 17198 np lethal or adult morphology phenotype VDRC Drosophila airway maturation Transient junction anisotropies orient annular cell polarization in the Drosophila airway tubes Hosono et al. 2015 26551273 Tissue btl-GAL4 Liquid clearance defect and viability Visual inspection VDRC, Trip, NIG Genome-wide UAS-IR construct Frequency >30%
GR00379-A-1 2768981 CG33261 106433 -0.291521521684302 none No phenotype in egg laying/hatching or larvae in egg laying or larvae Stem cell maintenance Regulation of Ribosome Biogenesis and Protein Synthesis Controls Germline Stem Cell Differentiation Sanchez et al. 2016 26669894 Organism nanos-GAL4 nos and yTub37c mRNA expression qPCR VDRC Selected genes UAS-IR construct Z-score Low: 1 - 2.5; Medium: 2.5 - 4; High: > Selected genes are: transcriptome-wide in female Drosophila. Additional phenotypes (egg laying/hatching) noted in the comment section. Subset libraries from VDRC (KK or GD) can be found in a column next to the comment field.
GR00385-A 2768981 106433 0.12524019488001337 Low performer in olfactory memory formation Wing deformity; Final hit Regulation of olfactory memory formation Identification of genes that promote or inhibit olfactory memory formation in Drosophila. Walkinshaw et al. 2015 25644700 Organism Nsyb-GAL4 T-maze performance Visual inspection VDRC Selected genes UAS-IR construct Performance index, sp High performer in olfactory memory formation: > Genes were preselected for relevance to CNS development and function using bioinformatic criteria. Additionally, defects in wing formation are considered in the comments column. We could not confirm the exact number of primary hits; however, final hits are noted in the comments field.
GR00388-A 2768981 CG33261 GD41095 Lethal Regulation of intestinal stem cells (ISC) Genome-wide RNAi Screen Identifies Networks Involved in Intestinal Stem Cell Regulation in Drosophila Zeng et al. 2015 25704823 Tissue act5C-GAL4 Viability Visual inspection VDRC and BDSC Genome-wide UAS-IR construct np np Lethal transgenic lines identified from the primary screen were crossed with temperature-sensitive esg-GAL4 flies. Phenotypes of ISCs from the dissected midguts are shown in the "Comment" section.
GR00388-A 2768981 CG33260, CG33261 GD17198 Lethal ISC Overproliferation Regulation of intestinal stem cells (ISC) Genome-wide RNAi Screen Identifies Networks Involved in Intestinal Stem Cell Regulation in Drosophila Zeng et al. 2015 25704823 Tissue act5C-GAL4 Viability Visual inspection VDRC and BDSC Genome-wide UAS-IR construct np np Lethal transgenic lines identified from the primary screen were crossed with temperature-sensitive esg-GAL4 flies. Phenotypes of ISCs from the dissected midguts are shown in the "Comment" section.